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After Utah, Part 3: Airspace Risk and What Event Organizers Can Legally Do
This five-part series translates lessons from the September 10 Utah Valley University assassination into practical guidance for campuses, event organizers, and public officials, focusing on threat assessment, drone risk, venue design, digital forensics, and crisis communications. [1]
The Sky is a Perimeter Now.
The Utah attack revealed how open-air events are vulnerable from rooftops and from above. Drones are inexpensive, widely available, and increasingly unconstrained by manufacturer geofencing, which elevates the need for site-specific awareness and monitoring. [1][6] Event teams must also understand the legal boundary. Only select federal agencies, including the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Justice, hold statutory authority to neutralize or mitigate unmanned aircraft systems under the Preventing Emerging Threats Act of 2018. [2][3] For everyone else, the mission shifts to detection, documentation, and coordination. Remote ID, mandated under 14 CFR Part 89, provides a digital trail that is valuable for both safety decisions and evidentiary use, if you plan ahead to capture and preserve it. [4][5][7]
Beyond the Screen: The Next Frontier of Digital Forensics – Part 3
Series context. Earlier installments explored forensic lessons from augmented reality and biometric identifiers. This part shifts focus to financial technology, where mobile payments and digital wallets present new opportunities for fraud detection, and also pose new evidentiary challenges for courts and investigators. [1]
The New Currency of Evidence
Smartphones serve as both communication devices and payment terminals. Apple Pay, Google Wallet, and other contactless systems are convenient for both end users and merchants, and they also create digital trails that can verify or challenge disputed transactions. Investigations have shifted away from paper receipts and card statements (which may still be relevant) to ephemeral metadata streams, including tokenized card numbers, device IDs, NFC exchange logs, and app-level transaction histories. Courts increasingly expect the proper collection of this evidence. When properly collected, these data points will help establish the identity, timing, and intent of financial transactions that may be in dispute. [2][3]
After Utah, Part 2: Behavioral Threat Assessment and Protective Intelligence
Series context. Part 1 of After Utah examined elevated vantage risks and digital disruptions at public events. Part 2 broadens the perspective: violence prevention requires not only situational security but also structured behavioral threat assessment (BTA) and defensible forensic practices that can hold up in court. [1]
From “Profiles” to Pathways
The modern approach to threat management shifts away from static “profiles” and emphasizes behavioral pathways. The U.S. Secret Service’s National Threat Assessment Center (NTAC) has shown that grievances often lead to ideation, “leakage” of threats, fixation, and identification with previous attackers. Recognizing these behaviors enables intervention without criminalizing lawful protest. [2][3]
In Utah, the lesson was clear: early reporting channels and multidisciplinary triage teams could have separated protected speech from genuine threats. Without such a structure, risk escalates until law enforcement has no choice but to react under pressure.
